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| Occupation of Tabriz | ||||||||
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| Part of World War I - Iranian Front | ||||||||
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| Belligerents | ||||||||
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 Armenian Volunteer Brigades  Assyrian volunteers  Great Britain |
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| Commanders and leaders | ||||||||
.svg){kind=small} Ahmad Shah Qajar Reza Pahlavi |
 Enver Pasha  Simko shikak |
Arshad Al-Malook | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | ||||||||
| Over 5,000 Persian, Assyrian and Christian civilians killed by Kurdish tribesmen[2] | ||||||||
The city of Tabriz in South Azerbaijan changed hands between the Ottomans and Russia several times during World War I.
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The city of Tabriz in southern Azerbaijan changed hands between the Ottomans and Russia several times during World War I.
See also
[change | change source]Events
[change | change source]1914
[change | change source]At the beginning of the war, Tabriz had been in the hands of Russian forces since the Russian invasion in 1911. On June 31, 1914, three days after the war began, the Iranian government declared its neutrality. Despite this, when the Russians began their operations in the autumn, they sent an additional 50,000 soldiers to the force already in southern Azerbaijan, increasing the number to 60,000.
1915
[change | change source]On January 2, 1915, while the Battle of Sarikamis in Caucasus was ongoing, the Ottomans began an expedition into Iran, forcing the Russian forces to retreat to Julfa. During this expedition, the Ottoman forces occupied Tabriz.
With new forces, the Russians defeated the Ottoman forces south of Julfa and regained control of Tabriz in early February 1915. The Russians advanced westward, occupying Urmia and advancing as far as Lake Van. At the same time, the Russians entered central Iran, occupying Qazvin, Karaj and Tehran.
1917
[change | change source]After the February Revolution of 1917, the Russian forces in the front lines dispersed and began to withdraw from Iran. Ottoman forces moved swiftly and occupied South Azerbaijan and Tabriz.[3]
1918
[change | change source]United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland They remained in Tabriz until 23 August 1918, despite British efforts to force their withdrawal.[4]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ Ismael 1964, p. 90.
- ↑ Maria T. O'Shea, "Trapped Between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perceptions of Kurdistan", Routledge, 2004. p. 100: "Simultaneously, a 1,000 Christians were killed in Salmas, in a massacre instigated by Simko."
- ↑ Clifford Edmund Bosworth (January 1, 2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-15388-2. Archived from the original on June 29, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
- ↑ Edward J. Erickson (12 March 2007). Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A Comparative Study. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-98456-4.